![]() ![]() Modern endpins are retractable and adjustable older ones were removed when not in use. The endpin or spike is made of wood, metal or rigid carbon fiber and supports the cello in playing position. It attaches the strings to the lower end of the cello, and can have one or more fine tuners. The tailpiece is traditionally made of ebony or another hard wood, but can also be made of plastic or steel. The tailpiece and endpin are found in the lower part of the cello. Ebony is usually used for the tuning pegs, fingerboard, and nut, but other hard woods, such as boxwood or rosewood, can be used. The scroll is a traditional part of the cello and all other members of the violin family. The pegs are used to tune the cello by either tightening or loosening the string. The pegbox houses four tuning pegs, one for each string. The nut is a raised piece of wood, where the fingerboard meets the pegbox, which the strings rest on. Attached to the neck and extending over the body of the instrument is the fingerboard. The neck, pegbox, and scroll are normally carved out of a single piece of wood. The top and back of the cello has decorative border inlay known as purfling.Ībove the main body is the carved neck, which leads to a pegbox and the scroll. The cello body has a wide top bout, narrow middle formed by two C-bouts, and wide bottom bout, with the bridge and sound holes just below the middle. The sides, or ribs, are made by heating the wood and bending it around forms. The top and back are traditionally hand-carved, though less expensive celli are often machine-produced. Less expensive celli frequently have tops and backs made of laminated wood. Other woods, such as poplar or willow, are sometimes used for the back and sides. A traditional cello has a spruce top, with maple for the back, sides, and neck. The strings are one octave lower than the viola, and one octave plus one fifth lower than the violin. The A-string is tuned to the pitch A3 (just below middle C), the D-string a fifth lower at D3, the G-string a fifth below that at G2, and the C-string tuned to C2 (two octaves lower than middle C). The cello has four strings tuned in perfect fifth intervals: the A-string (the highest sounding), D-string, G-string, and C-string (the lowest sounding). A large number of concertos and sonatas have been written for it. It is part of the standard orchestra and is the bass voice of the string quartet, as well as being part of many other chamber groups. The cello is most closely associated with European classical music. The name cello is an abbreviation of the Italian violoncello, which means "little violone". ![]() The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra. A member of the violin family, tuned an octave below the viola. ![]() The violoncello, usually abbreviated to cello, is a bowed stringed instrument. ![]()
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